Antimicrobial Finishing Methodologies
The definition of different terms associated with antimicrobial and antimicrobial finishes are broadly classified by many authors, as antimicrobial agent, bacteriostat, bactericide, disinfectant, sanitiser and detergent-sanitiser. The broad categorization of a range of agents covers:
. Antibacterial agents - Substances effective against bacteria
. Antimycotic agents - Substances effective against pathogenic fungi, and;
. Antivirus agents - Substances effective against viruses.
The USFDA definition of anti-microbial agents put in the practice to those products which have relevant application to living tissues.
Textile materials
In close proximity to the human body, cotton textile gives a perfect living environment for bacteria, yeast and fungi. All the circumstances that needed for the increase of these organisms for fulfillment in textile materials are as follows:
Nutrients
Soil, dust and many textile finishes can be the roots of nutrients for microorganisms. Perspiration includes salts, amino acids, carboxylic acids and other necessary nutrients. Dead skin cells or oils hidden away from the body skin and degraded cellulose from the textile material is a healthy resource of nutrients for the microbial growth.
Water
It has been projected that perspiration of human beings discharges an average of 100 g/hr of water, which collects in clothing and bedding. A humid environment will give adequate water to keep up the fungal growth. It is observed that bacterial growth needs more water and damp conditions.
Oxygen
The atmosphere gives a readymade resource of oxygen.
Human Body and Odour
Most fungi and bacteria will spread at ambient temperatures of 10-20 degree Centigrade and specific bacteria chooses the somewhat warmer environment of clothing or bedding that is in close proximity to the skin. Bacteria such as S Aureus, S Epidermidis, and Corynebacterium sp are established in the human skin and Staphylococcus, coryneforms, micrococcus bacteria have been detached from head, legs and arms of the human body. Human body covers two types of sweat glands namely, eccrine glands, which are scattered over the surface of the body whose secretion is inhibited by atropine and another gland is apocrine glands that built up from the hair folloicle and are originated mainly axillae. Their secretion is not inhibited by atropine and is encouraged by epinephrine. It has been demonstrated that stirred sweat together from apocrine glands do not have characteristic of perspiration odour for instance cleaned skins and have odour only in task of uncleaned skins. Eccrine secretions are not drained in the production odour however they may aid in the volatilization of the odiferous products.
Survey carried out earlier explains that bacterial expansion keeps on in human body all the time, through out the year irrespective of the seasons, however the type varies in between the seasons. A few numbers of bacteria and fungi are almost present in the human body; even the "clean" skin proves a normal population ranging between 100 - 1000 microbes/cm² of the skin. At these level microbes neither create health problem nor the odour. In a perfect condition, with all needed circumstance as mentioned above, the microbes can multiply at a faster rate and single bacterium can multiply into 1.6 million in just eight hours, which can finally produces odour, discoloration of textiles and sufficient infection of skin. The related odours are the outcomes of these microorganisms digesting nutrients in the perspiration and discharging volatile pungent waste products.
Filth of the skin in the appearance of feces and urine and other body wastages, burns, diaper rash on the skins of infants, supports the microbial expansion. Over 75 percent of foot infections were recognized by the dermophytic fungi, trichophyton interdigitale and trichophyton rubrum, which are developing in socks while wearing. Laundering techniques are not helpful in eliminating these athlete's foot fungi from the socks, which denotes the chance of the cross infection.
Hospital mops can be a resource of bacteria if they are not correctly sterile and nurse uniform has a function of passing of S Aureus. For instance, in the pillows the microbial counts in textile materials are found 1.3 x 104 per gram, in the case of socks it is counted to 4x 10s per 5 cm² and in the case of T-shirts it measured up to 5 x 106 per inch². Synthetic fibers such as nylon and polyester do not offer perfect living surroundings for microorganisms. Nevertheless, these fibers will also support microbial growth.
The existence and progression of microorganisms can be a source of health problems, odours and of course the weakening of the fabrics. Nearly all textile materials that are being utilized in the hospitals and hotels are conductive to cross infection or transmission of diseases originated by microorganisms. The increase of HIV and Hepatitis viruses by contact of impure material has produced large stress for protection of personal with functional clothing and materials.
Experiments have revealed that polio and vaccina viruses are able to keep on a variety of cotton and wool fabrics for the adequate period of times and create these materials to be potentially able to their transmission, which can capture in duration of 20 minutes and which is lower. The transmission can take place during casual contact and also during laundering process. Microbes like S Aureus can bear up, even with various detergent wash sequences.
Amongst the thousands of species that are situated in the atmosphere and on our body, there are good ones and there are bad ones. Control strategies for the bad organism must cover the acceptance of the good ones to make sure that the non-target organisms are not influenced or adaptation of microorganism is not supported.
Antimicrobial finishes
Based on the stability of antimicrobial characteristics of textile material with antimicrobial finish it can be categorized in to two types, namely temporary and durable finish. In temporary finish, the biocidal characteristics of the fabrics are without doubt vanished throughout laundering. Durability can be gained by a method of slow release, in which adequate antibacterial agents are integrated into the textile materials in the wet finishing process. The finished fabric moderates the bacteria by deliberate discharge of biocide from the materials. Except the antimicrobial agents are covalently adhered, they will have a drift to disappear totally. Integration of antimicrobial agents can be received through fiber creation in the case of man-made fibers.
The definition of different terms associated with antimicrobial and antimicrobial finishes are broadly classified by many authors, as antimicrobial agent, bacteriostat, bactericide, disinfectant, sanitiser and detergent-sanitiser. The broad categorization of a range of agents covers:
. Antibacterial agents - Substances effective against bacteria
. Antimycotic agents - Substances effective against pathogenic fungi, and;
. Antivirus agents - Substances effective against viruses.
The USFDA definition of anti-microbial agents put in the practice to those products which have relevant application to living tissues.
Textile materials
In close proximity to the human body, cotton textile gives a perfect living environment for bacteria, yeast and fungi. All the circumstances that needed for the increase of these organisms for fulfillment in textile materials are as follows:
Nutrients
Soil, dust and many textile finishes can be the roots of nutrients for microorganisms. Perspiration includes salts, amino acids, carboxylic acids and other necessary nutrients. Dead skin cells or oils hidden away from the body skin and degraded cellulose from the textile material is a healthy resource of nutrients for the microbial growth.
Water
It has been projected that perspiration of human beings discharges an average of 100 g/hr of water, which collects in clothing and bedding. A humid environment will give adequate water to keep up the fungal growth. It is observed that bacterial growth needs more water and damp conditions.
Oxygen
The atmosphere gives a readymade resource of oxygen.
Human Body and Odour
Most fungi and bacteria will spread at ambient temperatures of 10-20 degree Centigrade and specific bacteria chooses the somewhat warmer environment of clothing or bedding that is in close proximity to the skin. Bacteria such as S Aureus, S Epidermidis, and Corynebacterium sp are established in the human skin and Staphylococcus, coryneforms, micrococcus bacteria have been detached from head, legs and arms of the human body. Human body covers two types of sweat glands namely, eccrine glands, which are scattered over the surface of the body whose secretion is inhibited by atropine and another gland is apocrine glands that built up from the hair folloicle and are originated mainly axillae. Their secretion is not inhibited by atropine and is encouraged by epinephrine. It has been demonstrated that stirred sweat together from apocrine glands do not have characteristic of perspiration odour for instance cleaned skins and have odour only in task of uncleaned skins. Eccrine secretions are not drained in the production odour however they may aid in the volatilization of the odiferous products.
Survey carried out earlier explains that bacterial expansion keeps on in human body all the time, through out the year irrespective of the seasons, however the type varies in between the seasons. A few numbers of bacteria and fungi are almost present in the human body; even the "clean" skin proves a normal population ranging between 100 - 1000 microbes/cm² of the skin. At these level microbes neither create health problem nor the odour. In a perfect condition, with all needed circumstance as mentioned above, the microbes can multiply at a faster rate and single bacterium can multiply into 1.6 million in just eight hours, which can finally produces odour, discoloration of textiles and sufficient infection of skin. The related odours are the outcomes of these microorganisms digesting nutrients in the perspiration and discharging volatile pungent waste products.
Filth of the skin in the appearance of feces and urine and other body wastages, burns, diaper rash on the skins of infants, supports the microbial expansion. Over 75 percent of foot infections were recognized by the dermophytic fungi, trichophyton interdigitale and trichophyton rubrum, which are developing in socks while wearing. Laundering techniques are not helpful in eliminating these athlete's foot fungi from the socks, which denotes the chance of the cross infection.
Hospital mops can be a resource of bacteria if they are not correctly sterile and nurse uniform has a function of passing of S Aureus. For instance, in the pillows the microbial counts in textile materials are found 1.3 x 104 per gram, in the case of socks it is counted to 4x 10s per 5 cm² and in the case of T-shirts it measured up to 5 x 106 per inch². Synthetic fibers such as nylon and polyester do not offer perfect living surroundings for microorganisms. Nevertheless, these fibers will also support microbial growth.
The existence and progression of microorganisms can be a source of health problems, odours and of course the weakening of the fabrics. Nearly all textile materials that are being utilized in the hospitals and hotels are conductive to cross infection or transmission of diseases originated by microorganisms. The increase of HIV and Hepatitis viruses by contact of impure material has produced large stress for protection of personal with functional clothing and materials.
Experiments have revealed that polio and vaccina viruses are able to keep on a variety of cotton and wool fabrics for the adequate period of times and create these materials to be potentially able to their transmission, which can capture in duration of 20 minutes and which is lower. The transmission can take place during casual contact and also during laundering process. Microbes like S Aureus can bear up, even with various detergent wash sequences.
Amongst the thousands of species that are situated in the atmosphere and on our body, there are good ones and there are bad ones. Control strategies for the bad organism must cover the acceptance of the good ones to make sure that the non-target organisms are not influenced or adaptation of microorganism is not supported.
Antimicrobial finishes
Based on the stability of antimicrobial characteristics of textile material with antimicrobial finish it can be categorized in to two types, namely temporary and durable finish. In temporary finish, the biocidal characteristics of the fabrics are without doubt vanished throughout laundering. Durability can be gained by a method of slow release, in which adequate antibacterial agents are integrated into the textile materials in the wet finishing process. The finished fabric moderates the bacteria by deliberate discharge of biocide from the materials. Except the antimicrobial agents are covalently adhered, they will have a drift to disappear totally. Integration of antimicrobial agents can be received through fiber creation in the case of man-made fibers.
posted by zzzzzzzzzzz at
1:05 AM
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